E-Learning
Data Analysis
Data Collection and Importation
Baseline Construction
Differential Isoconversional kinetic analysis
Tool "Simulation" and "Optimization"
Saving the "Kinetic Project File" (*.kpf)
Predictions
Isothermal
Non-Isothermal
Step-wise temperature mode
Modulated temperature mode
WORLDWIDE REAL ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE PROFILES
STANAG CLIMATIC CATEGORIES
USER CUSTOMIZED TEMPERATURE MODE
Sample Controlled Thermal Analysis
Data Collection and Importation
Baseline Construction
Differential Isoconversional kinetic analysis
Tool "Simulation" and "Optimization"
Saving the "Kinetic Project File" (*.kpf)
Predictions
Isothermal
Non-Isothermal
Step-wise temperature mode
Modulated temperature mode
WORLDWIDE REAL ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE PROFILES
STANAG CLIMATIC CATEGORIES
USER CUSTOMIZED TEMPERATURE MODE
Sample Controlled Thermal Analysis
Data Collection and Importation
Baseline Construction
Differential Isoconversional kinetic analysis
Tool "Simulation" and "Optimization"
Saving the "Kinetic Project File" (*.kpf)
Predictions
ISOTHERMAL
Non-Isothermal
Step-wise temperature mode
Modulated temperature mode
WORLDWIDE REAL ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE PROFILES
STANAG CLIMATIC CATEGORIES
USER CUSTOMIZED TEMPERATURE MODE
SAMPLE CONTROLLED THERMAL ANALYSIS
Data Collection and Importation
The Thermokinetics Software (TK) permits the evaluation of kinetic parameters from thermoanalytical data.
TK allows the kinetic analysis of the variety of chemical reactions and physical processes from the simplest one-step to multi-step reactions. TK has been developed to offer advanced treatment of any thermoanalytical data independent of its kind. The software can work with the data collected by all types of thermoanalyzers of reputable manufacturers available on the market. With TK it is possible to correctly describe kinetics of complex reactions within few minutes only.
The following screen captures and notes present the workflow of the kinetic analysis based on DSC experiments carried out in non-isothermal conditions.
(1) The meaningful kinetic analysis requires performing four-five DSC experiments measured at e.g. 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 K/min followed by the construction of the baseline. (Remark: DSC runs under isothermal conditions (i.e. 0K/min) can be also evaluated by the TK Software).
(2) The option ’Import ASCII Data’ allows the importation in ASCII-format of any thermoanalytical data independent of its kind.
After selection of the data files for further elaboration, one has to specify the properties of temperature and time columns and the type of the measured signals (as shown in the next figure).
Fig. 6 – Indication of signal type and input of sample mass.
Finally, the type of signal and an initial sample mass has to be introduced. (Remark: As shown in the next figures, the input of further data can be facilitated by just updating the sample mass only).
After finishing data import, the labels of the curves are visible in the tree view under ‘Importations’ and the required signals can be selected to construct the baseline. The user has to construct two baselines only (generally for the first and last curve), for the remaining curves an automatic procedure can be applied.
Baseline Construction
Fig. 1 – Baseline construction.
The baseline construction starts with a placing the cursor on the signal (the cursor icon should switch to a hand symbol) followed by the right click on the graph and selecting the option ‘Baseline construction’.
Fig. 2 – Type of baseline.
After selecting ‘Baseline Construction’ the window ‘Baseline’ opens and the type of baseline can be chosen. (Remark: It is recommended to use the Baseline type ‘Tangential Sigmoid’ for non-isothermal runs and ‘Horizontal’ or ‘Horizontal last point’ for isothermal runs). Next one has to select the left and right temperature limits between which the baseline will be constructed (integration limits).
The calculation of the baseline course proceeds automatically.
Fig. 3 – Left temperature limit.
The left temperature limit indicates the point at which the heat flow curve starts to climb or descent in exo- or endothermic signals, respectively, and begins to deviate from the baseline. The choice of the left limit significantly depends on the sensitivity of the thermoanalytical device and shape of the measured signal.
Fig. 4 – Right temperature limit.
The right temperature limit should be placed at the end of the peak(s), where the signal returns to the baseline. A partial integration of the signal is also possible by choosing arbitrarily the right temperature limit at any temperature higher than left temperature limit.
In case of applying ‘Tangential Sigmoid’ a double check of the tangents is required before continuing because it can happen that a manual adjustment is needed (see above). In this case, one has to select the baseline (double click) and change the tangents at chosen left and right temperatures accordingly. (Remark: The tangents can be only modified if the window ‘Baseline’ is visible).
After final adjustment of the baseline, the window ‘Baseline’ can be closed.
Fig. 10 – DSC curve at 8 K/min.
Next step is the construction of the second baseline usually for the curve recorded with the fastest heating rate, i.e. in this example 8 K/min.
Fig. 11 – Evaluation of left temperature limit at 8 K/min.
The construction of the baseline is performed in the same way as already explained before. The blue tick mark (see red square) placed on the signal represents the temperature of the left limit of the baseline chosen for the lowest heating rate of 0.5 K/min. The position of this limit helps to select the left temperature limit for 8 K/min, which has to be placed at temperature higher than for signal recorded at 0.5 K/min. (Remark: In general, by increasing scanning rates the temperature ranges of the reaction are shifted to higher temperatures. Therefore, the left and right temperature limits for the remaining signals should be placed between those chosen for the lowest and highest heating rates i.e. 0.5K/min and 8 K/min, respectively.
For the remaining signals the option ‘Automatic Baselines’ is applied to construct the missing baselines automatically. However, it is necessary to check all curves after automatic option if an additional manual adjustment is required or not. It is necessary to check visually the constructed baselines if the tangents at left and right limits are in-line with the signals. Secondly, the standard deviation of the reaction heat determined at all heating rates should not exceed 10% because higher deviations may indicate or poor data quality or incorrect baseline construction.
Differential Isoconversional kinetic analysis
Fig. 1 – Start of the kinetic analysis.
After checking correctness of the baseline constructions, the user can begin the kinetic analysis of the recorded data. The differential isoconversional analysis starts after choosing the tool “Kinetics”, see red square marked above.
Fig. 2 – Reaction extent alpha as a function of temperature for all heating rates.
In the first stage the reaction extent vs temperature is calculated in the form of α-T dependence (plot above).
Fig. 3 Reaction rates as a function of temperature for all heating rates.
In the second stage the plot showing the dependence of the reaction rate on temperature at all heating rates is created.
Fig. 4 Differential isoconversional analysis.
In the third stage the logarithms of the reaction rates are presented as a function of the reciprocal temperature for the different heating rates.
In the differential isoconversional analysis, the slopes and intercepts of the lines drawn through the isoconversional points (points at which the values of the reaction extents ‘alpha’ are the same) at different heating rates enable the determination of:
– The activation energy E(alpha),
– The term combining the pre-exponential factor A(alpha) with the f(alpha) i.e the kinetic model in the form:
ln(A(alpha) · f(alpha))
For a better presentation of the dependence of kinetic parameters on the reaction progress one can split both curves with the option ‘Adjust Axes Vertically’ by placing the cursor on the panel and right click.
Improper construction of the baselines may significantly influence the results of the kinetic analysis. In AKTS TK Software two criteria have to be fulfilled in order to evaluate the meaningful kinetic parameters:
Criterion 1: The average correlation coefficient R of all straight lines plotted in isoconversional coordinates should amount to at least -0.99.
Criterion 2: Standard deviation of the reaction heats determined at all heating rates should not exceed 10%.
In TK Software, two methods for improving the baseline construction may be applied:
- Manual adjustment of the baselines.
- Optional: ‘OBsl’ = Optimize Baselines = Automatic adjustment of all baselines
Remark: The user should always try manually to improve the baseline construction first before proceeding with option 2, because ‘OBsl’ can be used only for fine-tuning.
In case of an incorrect, illogical baseline (see below), it makes no sense to start the automatic adjustment because the construction is too far away from the optimal ones. Figure 8 shows the case when both criteria are not fulfilled what is indicated by the warnings displayed in red.
Fig. 9 – Improper baseline construction.
Improper baseline construction for the signal recorded at a certain heating rate which is not consistent with other baselines influences the course of α-T dependence and results in improper kinetic data. Warnings Low Value! or deviation > 10% appear if criteria 1 or 2 are not fulfilled.
Optionally the user can try to improve and optimize the construction of the baselines by using the corresponding tool marked by red square below. This procedure is slightly changing the tangents at the left and right limits for the signals recorded at all heating rates in order to improve the criterion 1 (R-value) by achieving a value closer to -1. (Remark: If the R value after manual adjustment is already close to -1 the user can skip this option).
After baseline adjustment the kinetic parameters are calculated and used to simulate and display the reaction progress for all measured heating rates. This procedure starts after choosing the tool ‘Simulation’, see below.
Tool ‘Simulation’ and ‘Optimization’
The thermoanalytical peak (e.g. the signal of a heat flow rate as in a case of DSC) is placed between the points of departure from (left limit) and return to the baseline (right limit). The choice of such point significantly depends on the sensitivity of the thermoanalytical device and shape of the measured signal. The temperature of the reaction beginning, increases when the heating rate increases. Often the beginning and the end of the recorded signal are not well defined, therefore the reliable information concerning the reaction course are generally possible in the range of alpha between 0.01 and 0.99.
The better prediction can be achieved after further optimization of the kinetic parameters.
Fig. 3 – Optimization for final adjustment of the kinetic parameters.strong>
The tool ‘Optimization’ (marked in red above) opens a popup window allowing optimization of the kinetic parameters.
Fig. 4 – Start of the optimization procedure.
The optimizing procedure starts by choosing the “Optimize” Tool (marked in red, see above).
In general, 100 loops are enough to achieve a good fit between simulations (black) and measurements (coloured curves). In case of any doubts, the user can repeat the optimization procedure or undo it.
Remark: If both criteria (R value and standard deviation of the reaction heat) are fulfilled, the user can expect a good fit of experimental signals by simulated curves. If this is not the case, further optimization is needed, i.e. more optimization loops than 100 are necessary.
Fig. 5 – Optimization procedure finished.
After adjustment of the kinetic parameters the simulations (black curves) fit much better the experimental reaction course. The user can close the optimization window and continue with saving results of the kinetic analysis.
Saving the ‘Kinetic Project File’ (*.kpf)
Fig. 1 – Saving the ‘kinetic project file’ (kinetic analysis data).
Before using the final results of the kinetic analysis for further predictions, one should save the kinetic analysis/ kinetic project file (= *.kpf file). The kinetic data can be saved using “Save Kinetic Project” Tool (marked in red).
Finally, the user can start the prediction of the reaction rate and progress at any temperature profiles by using the tool ‘Prediction’ marked in red.
Predictions
For the prediction of the reaction course at any temperature profile click the icon “Prediction”.
Below the predictions at different temperature profiles are presented.
Isothermal
TK Software allows determination of Temperature-Time-Transformation (TTT) diagram which displays the equivalent time temperature points for which the arbitrarily chosen reaction progress is the same.
Fig. 5 – The plot presents the general idea of TTT diagram for the one-stage reaction with arbitrarily chosen kinetic parameters.
The reaction extent of 50% is reached after 38 min at 125°C and after ca. 8 days at 50°C.
The TTT diagram for the reaction having the same kinetic parameters as those used for the isothermal predictions displayed in Fig.3. Note logarithmic time-scale on the plot. Half of the material (reaction extent of 50%) is decomposed in 1 day at 74°C and after 9,2 days at 50°C .
Non-isothermal
To display a set of non-isothermal curves at different heating rates introduce the required values as shown below.